"In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it doesn't involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices." -- Wikipedia

Would you believe a house using Passive Solar Design principles often doesn't need any additional heating or cooling? All it needs is free energy from the sun — not even fancy photovoltaic cells or complicated heat transfer systems.

Think of how much money and energy you would save if you didn't have to pay for heating and cooling — 40% in most cases (and much more in some climates).

That's extra cash you could be spending on fine dining and cocktails!

A Passive Solar House relies on six basic principles. If you get these principles right, you could eliminate your heating and cooling bills for good:

Climate

Passive Solar Design principles vary depending on your climate. In the tropics, using the sun to heat your homes would obviously be a bad move. Instead, cooling and ventilation is much more important. Whereas in Alpine areas, the house will probably never need cooling to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature. Temperate climates fall somewhere in the middle, usually requiring heating in the winter and cooling in the summer.

So, based on your climate, a Passive Solar Design will look and behave differently. In the tropics, large overhanging eaves shade the home from the sun and ventilation is essential to keep to space cool. While in cooler climates, eaves are sized to let the low winter sun in to warm up the home, while blocking out higher summer sun.

Orientation

Because Passive Solar Design relies on the movement of the sun, orienting your home correctly is essential. In Australia (and other countries in the Southern Hemisphere), the ideal location of windows for Winter heat gain is North, because the sun rises in the East and travels through the North sky before setting in the West.

In Europe, North America and other areas in the Northern Hemisphere, the opposite is true. The sun still rises in the East and sets in the West, but it travels through the Southern sky, so for maximum Winter sun, windows should face South.

Shading

Let's not forget shading. In the tropics shading is super important to keep the home cooler throughout the year. With the exception of the most frigid climates some level of shading is important in cooler climates as well to prevent overheating in Summer.

Because the sun is higher in Summer than in Winter, shading devices in temperate climates can be designed to block out the Summer sun, but still allow the Winter sun in.

Deciduous trees or creepers are another way to shade windows because they work in sync with the seasons. In Summer, lush green leaves will protect your home from the sun. In Winter the plant drops its leaves to let the sun shine in.

Thermal Mass

Have you ever stepped on or touched concrete after the sun has set to find it's still toasty warm? That's because concrete is great thermal mass — it absorbs and then holds heat for a long time. Materials with high thermal mass (like concrete, brick and even water) are like a thermal bank account. When times are good and the sun is shining they'll absorb the heat energy. Then, when that heat disappears (when it's cloudy or the sun has set) they'll slowly release that heat back into the atmosphere. When used in a home, this helps to moderate the temperature between the day and night.

The reverse is also true, if you cool down concrete or any other material high in thermal mass, it will stay cool for a long time, radiating that 'coolth' back into atmosphere.

When used correctly, thermal mass is a great way to store the sun's energy to keep the house warmer at night or when it clouds over. In summer (or tropical climates), the thermal mass can be used to keep the home cooler.

Ventilation

In many climates, cooling is just as important (if not more important) as heating. So how does Passive Solar Design cool a house? The sun itself isn't very good at cooling!

The key is ventilation.

Passive ventilation replaces hot, stale air with fresh, cooler air. Techniques like the stack effect achieve this replacement very efficiently. Depending on the site and climate, you might also be able to capture natural cool breezes, like evening sea breezes, for example.

Our bodies are pretty good at moderating our own thermal comfort. Perspiration, for example helps to keep us cool. But perspiration only works when the moisture can be evaporated off our skin — enter ventilation. A decent breeze can keep us feeling comfortable even in extremely hot conditions.

So ensuring the home has good ventilation — particularly cross ventilation — and encouraging the air to be drawn into the home from the cooler, shady side of the house will keep the house cool and comfortable even during the peak of summer.

Combine good ventilation with thermal mass and you can use the cooler night air to keep the house much cooler during the day.

Insulation

The final key principle of Passive Solar Design is insulation. Insulation in temperate and cooler climates is incredibly important. All our efforts to passively heat or cool the home will be lost if the home isn't well insulated from the outdoor temperatures.

The type and extent of insulation will vary depending on your climate. Tropical climates will require little to no insulation, while a very cold climate will need double or triple-glazed windows and very thick bulk insulation in the walls to keep the warm air inside.

It's particularly important in a Passive Solar Design to insulate the thermal mass from the outdoor extremes. This will help the thermal mass to moderate the temperature of your home day and night and season to season.

Thinking About Passive Solar Design

A good architect will consider Passive Solar Design as a matter of course. Passive Solar Design isn't a fancy additional extra. For the most part it doesn't cost any more — in fact over the life of your building it can save serious money. It's easy to achieve with new buildings and improvements can often be made even in poorly designed existing buildings.

There's really nothing better than basking in warm, natural sunlight in your comfortable, efficient home when it's freezing cold out, or opening up your house to cooling natural breezes on a warm Summer's night. Passive Solar Designed homes are more comfortable year round, cheaper to run, and much friendlier to the environment.

Check out some of the projects using Passive Solar Design featured on Lunchbox Architect:

11 May 2018 (via Lunchbox Architect) 11 May 2018
Article 5 Sun-loving Extensions to Get You Through the Polar Vortex If you're dealing with the polar vortex, you're probably feeling a little numb. Feel vicariously warmed by these 5 sunny extensions.
16 March 2018 (via Lunchbox Architect) 16 March 2018
Article WINTER IS COMING: How Not to Become a SAD, Translucent Shell of a Human Some tips to help you survive winter for when you're designing your new home or renovation. Because SAD is not becoming on anyone.
16 May 2016 (via Lunchbox Architect) 16 May 2016
Article Book Review: Warm House Cool House Make space for Warm House Cool House on your bookshelf and your home can become a more sustainable and comfortable place.
Erpingham House by MSG Architecture (via Lunchbox Architect) Erpingham House by MSG Architecture
Featured Project A Compact, Sustainable and Affordable Alternative to Project Homes There's not much diversity (or sustainability) in your average project home. With a bit of luck, Erpingham House will change all that.
Farm House by Archterra Architects (via Lunchbox Architect) Farm House by Archterra Architects
Featured Project A Modern Farm House with a Traditional Farm-Style Verandah While this modern farm house feels shiny and new, traditional elements like the generous verandah gives it the best of both worlds.
1 March 2016 (via Lunchbox Architect) 1 March 2016
Article Going Off the Grid: These 5 Homes Will Convince You to Go Off-Grid These homes are off the grid. They produce power, collect rainwater and treat their own waste - saving money and the planet at once.
Somers House One by Adrian Bonomi Architect (via Lunchbox Architect) Somers House One by Adrian Bonomi Architect
Featured Project A Compact, Living and Breathing House Perfect for the Coast This welcoming house has a verandah so generous it blurs the line between a courtyard house and a traditional Australian verandah.
Bush House by Archterra Architects (via Lunchbox Architect) Bush House by Archterra Architects
Featured Project A Home Inspired by the Feelings of Camping Under a Simple Tarpaulin In a natural clearing of bushland, this home with simple detailing and an earthy palette captures the spirit and joy of camping.
Crocker Street House by Moloney Architects (via Lunchbox Architect) Crocker Street House by Moloney Architects
Featured Project Sun Friendly L-Shaped Extension Keeps Owners Warm in Chilly Ballarat Rectifying a poorly planned '90s renovation this new courtyard arrangement lets in plenty of light and feels more spacious than ever.
Maroubra House by Those Architects (via Lunchbox Architect) Maroubra House by Those Architects
Featured Project Post War Sydney Home Updated for a Young Modern Family A home previously owned by the client's Grandmother wasn't a good fit for a young family. An innovative extension changes all that.
Cape Tribulation Home by m3architecture (via Lunchbox Architect) Cape Tribulation Home by m3architecture
Featured Project An Off-the-Grid Home Appropriate to its Stunning Rainforest Location This off-the-grid home is close to the beach in the Daintree Rainforest — an ancient ecosystem deserving a thoughtful approach to site.
Tonimbuk House by  (via Lunchbox Architect) Tonimbuk House by
Tonimbuk House by  (via Lunchbox Architect) Tonimbuk House by
Matai House by Parsonson Architects (via Lunchbox Architect) Matai House by Parsonson Architects
Jack's House by FMD Architects (via Lunchbox Architect) Jack's House by FMD Architects
Jack's House by FMD Architects (via Lunchbox Architect) Jack's House by FMD Architects
Featured Project Jack's House: A House Bursting at the Seams Gets a New Timber 'Gusset A moderate extension creates a rich space and leaves a decent-sized backyard. Jack's House is a timber 'gusset' that will serve the family into the future.
Polygreen by Bellemo & Cat Architects (via Lunchbox Architect) Polygreen by Bellemo & Cat Architects
Featured Project Polygreen: Meet the Family Who Spray Painted Their Entire House Polygreen is a printed fiberglass box in a neighborhood of red brick warehouses. The contrast is striking - a home covered in vibrant green.
Northcote Residence by Wolveridge Architects (via Lunchbox Architect) Northcote Residence by Wolveridge Architects
Featured Project Northcote Residence: Passive Solar Extension Keeps Its Cool Even during the heat of summer this passive solar design remained cool and kept the family comfortable. Reclaimed materials integrates with the original.
Bridge House by Max Pritchard Architect (via Lunchbox Architect) Bridge House by Max Pritchard Architect
Featured Project Bridge House Touches the Earth Lightly -- Literally and Figuratively Bridge House takes full advantage of a naturally stunning site, straddling a creek bed and touching the earth lightly environmentally and physically.
Southern Highlands House by Benn & Penna Architects (via Lunchbox Architect) Southern Highlands House by Benn & Penna Architects
Featured Project Southern Highlands House: A Tiny Piece of Art For Working Southern Highlands House's new tiny work space, feels more like an art piece than an office - well proportioned, beautifully curved and effortlessly simple.
Happy Haus by Donovan Hill Architects (via Lunchbox Architect) Happy Haus by Donovan Hill Architects
Featured Project Happy Haus Arrives on a Truck Ready to Move Into How exciting to unload an architecturally designed house off a truck, unwrap it (like a giant Christmas gift) and move straight in -- with Happy Haus, you can!
Florence Street House by Nest Architects (via Lunchbox Architect) Florence Street House by Nest Architects
Featured Project Florence Street House: A Compact First Home in a Suburban Backyard Tucked away in a subdivided backyard in Melbourne's Inner North, Nest Architects created a delightfully compact two-bedroom home with a beautiful sunny garden.
Sugar Gum House by Rob Kennon Architects (via Lunchbox Architect) Sugar Gum House by Rob Kennon Architects
Featured Project Sugar Gum House: A Modern Weatherboard Beach Shack This modern replacement for a derelict weatherboard cottage takes full advantage of the sun, the surf and views of the rolling hills.
Whyatt House by Robinson Architects (via Lunchbox Architect) Whyatt House by Robinson Architects
Featured Project Whyatt House: Australian Bush Style Home Built From Prefabricated Shed A local shed company prefabricated this home, saving both time and cost. But Whyatt House doesn't look like a typical shed…
Ilma Grove by Andrew Maynard Architects (via Lunchbox Architect) Ilma Grove by Andrew Maynard Architects
Featured Project Ilma Grove House: A Heritage Home Looks Forward to a Sustainable Future Ilma Grove is an extension to a heritage home in Northcote, Victoria. The extension provides more space and guarantees a sustainable lifestyle.
Inverloch Passive Solar House by ArchiBlox (via Lunchbox Architect) Inverloch Passive Solar House by ArchiBlox
Featured Project Prefab-ulous Passive Solar Home Proves a De-light to Live In A prefab home designed around passive solar design principles is warm, comfortable, energy efficient and looks prefab-ulous.
Highway House by Room 11 (via Lunchbox Architect) Highway House by Room 11
Featured Project Highway House Seems to Float Dramatically Above a Sheer Slope The compact Highway House takes full advantage of its difficult, but dramatic site — sitting lightly over Hobart and the Derwent River…